مسلم ریاستوں کی خارجہ پالیسی کے خدوخال: میثاقِ مدینہ اور صلح حدیبیہ کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

Abstract

وَإِن جَنَحُوا لِلسَّلْمِ فَاجْنَحْ لَهَا وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ

"And if they incline to peace, then incline to it and rely upon Allah." [i]

The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) established a profound diplomatic framework that transformed tribal hostilities into a cohesive political entity. The Charter of Medina and the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah serve as the timeless bedrock of Islamic international relations. By historically and analytically comparing these prophetic paradigms with the contemporary geopolitical landscape, this study explores the ideological dilemmas crippling modern Muslim states. Today, the Ummah faces deep-rooted crises. Sectarian rivalries, ineffective multilateral bodies like the OIC, and controversial normalizations with occupying powers have left the Muslim world fragmented. Muslim leadership has increasingly adopted Westphalian realism, often sacrificing collective Islamic identity for fragile national interests.

In sharp contrast to this scattered approach, the Charter of Medina brilliantly instituted collective security, pluralism, and territorial sovereignty. It united diverse groups under a single constitutional umbrella. When faced with insurmountable pressure and existential threats, the Prophet (ﷺ) did not rush into armed conflict. At Hudaybiyyah, he demonstrated extraordinary strategic patience. The Qur’an beautifully captures the reality of this patience:

إِنَّا فَتَحْنَا لَكَ فَتْحًا مُّبِينًا

"Indeed, We have given you a clear conquest." [ii]

What initially appeared to the companions as a humiliating compromise was actually a diplomatic masterstroke. It secured long-term peace, isolated adversaries without shedding blood, and opened doors for global outreach. Muslim nations must return to these prophetic blueprints. True strategic autonomy and global influence will remain elusive until their foreign policies transcend emotional populism and short-sighted alliances. Rebuilding a unified front requires reclaiming diplomatic flexibility, honoring treaties, and prioritizing the broader welfare of the Ummah over transient geopolitical gains.

[i] الانفال 8:61

[ii] الفتح 48:1