ROLE OF BRITISH-PERIOD TREKS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECO-TOURISM IN THE GALIYAT REGION

Abstract

The Galiyat region of northern Pakistan represents a distinctive intersection of colonial heritage and mountain ecology, where a network of British-period trekking routes continues to shape mobility, identity, and tourism. While previous research has emphasized architectural heritage, limited attention has been paid to these treks as living eco-heritage corridors. This study examines the role of British-period treks in fostering eco-tourism development across thirteen historical routes, extending from Thandiani to Khaira Gali. Using a qualitative interpretive approach, the research integrates Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) and Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) frameworks to assess developmental stages and stakeholder experiences. Data were collected through field surveys, GPS-based mapping, and 95 semi-structured interviews with tourists, tour operators, and local residents.

Findings reveal six interrelated themes: colonial foundations of eco-tourism, ecological immersion, community interface, infrastructure and safety, climate vulnerability, and policy integration. Most treks remain in the exploration or early involvement stages of TALC, reflecting high experiential potential but inadequate institutional support. The results highlight that these routes function as living eco-heritage landscapes, blending biodiversity, historical continuity, and community livelihoods. The study concludes that revitalizing these treks through inclusive governance, minimal-impact infrastructure, and climate-sensitive management can transform Galiyat into a regional model of sustainable mountain tourism. Policy recommendations align with SDGs 11, 15, and 8, emphasizing cross-sectoral collaboration, community empowerment, and eco-restoration. The research advances methodological and theoretical understanding of eco-tourism in postcolonial mountain contexts, reframing colonial mobility as a pathway toward environmental stewardship and inclusive growth.