REIMAGINING REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY: PAKISTAN–IRAN COOPERATION IN THE EMERGING MULTIPOLAR ASIAN ORDER

Abstract

The emerging multipolar order in Asia is reconfiguring regional connectivity strategies and opening new pathways for state-to-state cooperation beyond traditional bilateral alignments. This article examines Pakistan–Iran cooperation as an under-explored but strategically consequential vector of regional connectivity, focusing on economic corridors, port linkages, energy projects, and cross-border security arrangements. It argues that Pakistan–Iran ties are being reshaped by three intersecting forces: (1) the strategic imperatives of a multipolar Asia where China, India, Russia, and extra-regional actors compete for influence; (2) the economics of connectivity port, rail, and pipeline projects that promise commercial payoffs but are constrained by sanctions, finance, and governance risks; and (3) domestic and transnational security dynamics especially insurgency and border management in Balochistan that condition cooperation. Using an interpretive qualitative case-study design and process tracing, the study draws on official statements, major-media reporting, and recent policy analyses to map policy choices and causal mechanisms. The analysis finds that while tangible progress such as tentative moves on the Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline, renewed political-level negotiations on port and rail linkages, and incremental trade growth signals potential complementarities between Pakistan’s Gwadar/karachi-led ambitions and Iran’s Chabahar/energy assets, structural obstacles (sanctions, financial constraints, and security fragility) continue to limit deep integration. The paper concludes with actionable policy recommendations for Islamabad and Tehran and outlines how multilateral institutions and middle powers could help bridge political risk and finance gaps to unlock wider regional benefits.