PREVALENCE OF STUBBLE BURNING IN PUNJAB: EXPLORING DRIVERS AND THE EMERGING ROLE OF MOTORWAY POLICE

Abstract

Rice harvest seasons in Punjab are characterized by severe smog and elevated air quality index levels, with roadside stubble burning posing particular risks by reducing visibility and increasing traffic accidents. Despite its significance, research examining roadside burning practices, traffic disruptions, and motorway police interventions remains limited. Employing a cross-sectional mixed-methods design, this study surveyed 181 farmers across five districts along major motorways and highways within the rice-wheat cropping zone to investigate farmers' perceptions of roadside stubble burning impacts and the emerging role of National Highways and Motorway Police in mitigation efforts. Findings reveal that farmers possess considerable awareness of stubble burning's detrimental effects but continue the practice due to unaffordable and inaccessible alternatives rather than conservative attitudes. Respondents demonstrated high awareness of roadside burning's traffic hazards, citing multiple fatal accidents caused by smoke, while Motorway Police actively patrol highways, educating farmers and enforcing regulations. However, approximately half the respondents perceived penalties as unjust, arguing that enforcement without viable alternatives constitutes an unsustainable approach. The study recommends policy interventions extending beyond awareness campaigns and punitive measures to incorporate farmer training, financial support, and multi-stakeholder collaboration for sustainable stubble burning solutions.