RESISTANCE HEROES OR TERRORIST PROXIES? MEDIA FRAMING OF HAMAS, HEZBOLLAH, AND HOUTHIS IN THE IRAN-ISRAEL CONFLICT (2023-2025)

Abstract

This Study examines how Kayhan International, The Wall Street Journal and Haaretz frame Iran’s proxies networks during the 2023-2025 conflict escalation. Analyzing 412 editorials through Semetko & Valkenburg’s (2000) frame analysis, findings reveal distinct patterns. Kayhan employed Conflict frames (50%), portraying proxies' autonomous resistance. WSJ used Responsibility frames (60%), attributing actions to Iranian control. Haaretz maintained a balanced distribution (no frame exceeds 30%). Statistical analysis confirms significant differences (χ² = 156.73, p < .001, V = 0.61), supporting all hypotheses. Results demonstrate frame operate as an ideological infrastructure constructing incompatible proxy realities.