DIGITAL POLITICAL POLARIZATION AND DEMOCRATIC STABILITY IN PAKISTAN: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN ELECTORAL POLITICS

Abstract

The increasing use of social media platforms in Pakistan has significantly transformed electoral politics by reshaping political communication, voter engagement, and public opinion formation. This study examines the role of social media in fostering political polarization and its implications for democratic stability in Pakistan. A quantitative research design was employed, using data collected from 400 active social media users through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that social media usage, exposure to misinformation, and echo chamber effects significantly contribute to political polarization. Regression analysis indicates that misinformation is the strongest predictor of polarization, while political polarization negatively affects democratic stability. The results further demonstrate that algorithm-driven content delivery intensifies ideological divisions and weakens trust in democratic institutions. The study concludes that while social media enhances political participation, it simultaneously exacerbates polarization, posing challenges to democratic cohesion in Pakistan. The findings highlight the need for regulatory frameworks, media literacy initiatives, and transparent digital governance to mitigate polarization and strengthen democratic resilience.