TOPOLOGICAL INSULATORS AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECTS: TOWARD ROBUST QUANTUM COMPUTING MATERIALS

Abstract

Topological materials have transformed condensed matter physics by introducing quantum phases protected by topological invariants rather than conventional symmetry-breaking mechanisms. Topological Insulators (TIs), Quantum Hall systems, Weyl semimetals, and topological superconductors host exotic quasiparticles — including Dirac fermions, chiral edge states, and Majorana zero modes — that enable dissipationless electronic transport and robust quantum information storage. This review synthesizes current developments in the physics, materials science, and computational discovery of topological materials. Key concepts such as spin–momentum locking, quantized Hall conductance, and topological fault tolerance are discussed. Advances in thin-film growth, ab-initio modeling, and machine learning continue to accelerate the discovery of materials suitable for next-generation quantum computation.